In-text references

Sources are referred to in the body of the paper, often at the beginning or the end of a sentence:

The role of prior knowledge and experiences in art viewing is gaining increased attention as our society becomes increasingly dependent upon visual culture as a means of communication. Kerry Freedman (2003) writes that we must view the whole of visual culture as a real and important part of everyday experience. Children and adults construct new knowledge and understandings based upon what they already know and believe (Bransford et al, 2000). Our ability to use existing knowledge to construct new understandings underscores the importance of recognizing and valuing children's arts-related prior knowledge and experiences.

(Eckhoff & Guberman, 2006, p.20)

Reference lists

Sources are also referred to (in alphabetical order) in a list at the end of the paper. The in-text references in the excerpt above would appear in the reference list as follows:

Bransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., & Cocking, R. R. (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school. National Academy Press.

Freedman, K. (2003). Teaching visual culture: Curriculum, aesthetics, and the social life of art. Teachers College Press.

Referencing systems

Different academic disciplines use different systems for referencing. The references above are formatted in APA style.

More information about referencing can be found on the library's website.